Numerous Civil society organisations (CSOs) working in Kenya are addressing a range of socio-economic and political problems that contribute to violent extremism. There is substantial evidence that structural violence in the form of injustice, inequity, discrimination, and oppression; as well as direct violence in the form of abuse by state security services, foreign invasions, and other forms of state-sanctioned or -perpetrated physical violence can serve as structural or proximate drivers of escalating political violence and conflict.